HS Codes Explained

Product Classification

Customs needs to know what you're shipping. They can't inspect every package, so they rely on HS codes to quickly identify product types. The code tells them whether you're shipping electronics, clothing, machinery, food, or something else.

If the code is wrong, customs may misclassify your goods. This leads to incorrect duty calculations and potential compliance issues.

Duty Calculation

Each HS code has a duty rate associated with it. Customs uses the code to look up the rate and calculate how much you owe. Different codes have different rates—some products are duty-free, others have high rates.

Using the wrong code means paying the wrong duty amount. You might overpay, or you might underpay and face penalties later. Either way, it's a problem.

Compliance Verification

Some products have restrictions or require special permits. Customs uses HS codes to identify these products and verify that you have the necessary documentation.

For example, certain electronics might require FCC certification. Certain chemicals might require import permits. Customs checks the HS code to see if your product falls into a restricted category.

Trade Statistics

Governments use HS codes to track trade statistics. They want to know what products are being imported and exported, in what quantities, and at what values. This data helps with trade policy and economic analysis.

6 Digits: International Standard

The first 6 digits are standardized worldwide. Every country uses the same 6-digit codes. This is the "international" part of the Harmonized System.

Example: 8517.12 means "Telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks"

The structure breaks down like this:

• First 2 digits: Chapter (broad category, e.g., 85 = Electrical machinery)
• Next 2 digits: Heading (more specific, e.g., 17 = Telephone sets)
• Last 2 digits: Subheading (very specific, e.g., 12 = Cellular phones)

8-10 Digits: Country-Specific

Many countries add 2-4 more digits to create more specific classifications. These additional digits are country-specific and vary by destination.

Example: The U.S. might use 8517.12.00 (8 digits) or 8517.12.0000 (10 digits) for the same product. The additional digits provide more detail for U.S. customs purposes.

When shipping internationally, you need to check the destination country's requirements. Some countries accept 6-digit codes, others require 8 or 10 digits. Using the wrong length can cause customs to reject your shipment.

Which Length to Use

As a general rule, use the length required by your destination country. If you're not sure, use 8 digits—it's the most common requirement and works for most countries.

For U.S. imports, 10 digits are standard. For European Union imports, 8 digits are common. For many other countries, 6 digits are sufficient. Check with your carrier or customs broker if you're unsure.

Method 1: Official Customs Databases

Most countries maintain online databases where you can search for HS codes. These are the most authoritative sources.

U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC): The U.S. maintains a searchable database at usitc.gov. You can search by product description or browse by chapter.

European Union TARIC: The EU's database includes HS codes plus additional EU-specific classifications. Useful for shipments to EU countries.

Destination Country Customs: Many countries have their own searchable databases. Check the customs website of your destination country for their official tool.

Method 2: Customs Brokers

Customs brokers are professionals who specialize in import/export documentation. They can help you classify products correctly, especially for complex or ambiguous items.

This is worth the cost if you're shipping high-value goods, complex products, or if you're unsure about classification. A broker's expertise can prevent costly mistakes.

Many brokers offer classification services even if you're not using them for full customs clearance. You can pay for just the classification help.

Method 3: Carrier Resources

Some shipping carriers provide HS code lookup tools or guidance. FedEx, DHL, and UPS have resources on their websites, though these are usually less detailed than official customs databases.

These tools are helpful for common products but may not cover specialized or complex items. Use them as a starting point, but verify with official sources for important shipments.

Method 4: Online HS Code Lookup Tools

Various third-party websites offer HS code lookup tools. These can be convenient, but quality varies. Some are accurate, others are outdated or incomplete.

If you use these tools, verify the results with an official source before finalizing your invoice. Don't rely solely on third-party tools for high-value or complex shipments.

Method 5: Product Specifications and Documentation

Sometimes the best way to find an HS code is to understand your product's specifications: what it's made of, what it does, and how it's used.

Start with the broad category (electronics, textiles, machinery, etc.), then narrow down based on:

• Primary function or purpose
• Material composition
• Intended use
• Technical specifications

Once you have a few candidate codes, check the official descriptions to see which one matches your product most closely.

Mistake 1: Using Generic or Placeholder Codes

Using codes like "9999" or "other" is a red flag for customs. These codes indicate you haven't properly classified your product, which triggers customs holds for clarification.

Always use a specific code that accurately describes your product. If you can't find an exact match, use the most specific code that closely matches your product's primary function.

Mistake 2: Wrong Product Category

Classifying a product in the wrong chapter causes significant problems. For example, classifying electronics as machinery, or clothing as textiles when it should be in a different category.

This usually happens when people focus on one aspect of the product (like what it's made of) instead of its primary function. Always classify based on the product's main purpose, not secondary characteristics.

Mistake 3: Using Wrong Digit Length

Using a 6-digit code when the destination country requires 8 or 10 digits can cause customs rejection. Some countries are strict about this, others are more flexible.

Check the destination country's requirements before finalizing your invoice. When in doubt, use 8 digits—it's the most commonly accepted length.

Mistake 4: Not Updating Codes When Products Change

If you modify a product—change materials, add features, or alter its function—the HS code might change. Using the old code for the new product causes misclassification.

Review and update HS codes whenever product specifications change. What worked for the old version might not work for the new one.

Mistake 5: Guessing or Using Similar Products' Codes

Guessing an HS code based on similar products is risky. Even small differences in function or composition can change the classification.

Always verify codes through official sources or with a customs broker. What seems like a minor difference might actually require a different code.

Mistake 6: Using Origin Country Code for Destination

HS codes should match the destination country's classification system, not the origin country's. If you're shipping from China to the U.S., use the U.S. classification, not China's.

The first 6 digits are usually the same, but the additional digits (7-10) are country-specific. Make sure you're using the right system for your destination.